Philippians 4:13 states, “I can do all things through Him who strengthens me” (NASB). This scripture serves as a foundational truth for academic and personal success. When a student aligns their life with God, there is a profound assurance that overcoming challenges is possible through His strength. Harnessing the power of the mind to visualize success—believing in one's abilities and drawing strength from faith—allows a person to approach hurdles like difficult exams or complex research papers with confidence.

Integrating the wisdom of The Serenity Prayer into a disciplined academic lifestyle means concentrating on immediate responsibilities while letting go of factors beyond one’s control. In the context of a demanding curriculum, such as advanced tax laws or accounting, "accepting the things one cannot change" involves recognizing the inherent difficulty of the material. Rather than expecting the workload to decrease, a student finds serenity by maintaining internal calm and refusing to let academic stress dictate their mental state.

Conversely, "finding the courage to change the things one can" is achieved through practical discipline: creating a rigorous study plan, scheduling consistent hours, and maintaining organized materials. True wisdom lies in recognizing that while the effort belongs to the individual, the final result rests in God's hands.

Making prayer a regular feature of college life acts as a grounding tool during times of high stress. By applying the principles of Philippians 4:6-7, anxiety is transformed into focused requests characterized by thanksgiving. This regular practice brings a peace that guards the heart and mind, providing the mental clarity needed to navigate a challenging semester and achieve long-term success.

Morality is often discussed in the abstract, but its true value is revealed in the heat of a crisis. In 2018, I witnessed a moment where choices became life-altering. In a high-stakes medical emergency involving a neighbor experiencing a seizure, the decision to act was not just about personal preference; it was a societal and spiritual necessity. Moments like these prove that acting as a "nurse and neighbor" early on is the key to fostering deep, enduring trust within a community.

The Role of Community and Faith This moral behavior is not a solitary act; it aligns with a higher calling. When we choose to step in and help when needed, we are participating in a communal bond that honors both our neighbors and our Creator. Acting morally ensures that our lives are not just a series of random events but a reflection of a purposeful, ethical framework. We should always act morally in our everyday lives, regardless of where we find ourselves, as these actions define the health of the world around us.

Instinct vs. Systematic Ethics There is a profound difference between acting out of a one-time instinct and living by a formal, adequate system of ethics. While I often rely on my internal compass and the immediate needs of those around me, I recognize that true morality is not a "one-time thing." It is the transition from a symptomatic response to a consistent character. Following a moral path means moving beyond just "not wanting to make a difference" to actively seeking the good of others as a daily habit.

Conclusion: Morality matters because it turns a collection of individuals into a reliable community. It requires us to move beyond genetics and raw instinct toward a deliberate, disciplined way of behaving. By consistently choosing the right path, we ensure that our impact on society is both lasting and meaningful.

Finding Tranquility Through The Serenity Prayer

Botom Line (The Body):

Life often presents unforeseen physical and emotional challenges that test the limits of human endurance. Whether navigating a complex medical recovery or facing a new neurological diagnosis, the temptation to succumb to anxiety is significant. However, Scripture encourages believers not to be anxious but to bring every concern to God through prayer. This shift in focus is the foundation of true resilience: recognizing that while one cannot control a diagnosis or a sudden life change, one can control the spiritual and mental approach to that situation.

The Serenity Prayer provides a roadmap for this journey. Choosing faith over fear involves a conscious decision to trust in medical expertise, commit to necessary therapies, and maintain a disciplined pursuit of personal goals, such as completing a degree. By letting go of the need to control every outcome, a person creates space for God’s peace to provide support. This peace is not merely the absence of trouble but a profound tranquility that exists even in the midst of chaotic moments.

Adopting a prayer-centered academic and personal life requires intentionality. Starting and finishing each day with a dedicated time of reflection ensures that one remains connected to divine strength. Furthermore, integrating prayer before classes and examinations serves as a constant reminder that success and stability are supported by a power greater than oneself.

Ultimately, the goal is to stop seeking total control and instead ask, "What is being taught through this challenge?" By viewing obstacles as opportunities for spiritual strengthening, a student can discover a divine peace that sustains them through the most difficult seasons. This perspective transforms a struggle into a testimony of God’s quiet, constant support.

Proverbs 13:20 states, "He who walks with wise men will be wise, but the companion of fools will suffer harm" (NASB). This biblical principle illustrates that associations directly impact personal character and destiny. Throughout Scripture, the importance of seeking wise counsel and godly company is a recurring theme. Proverbs 11:14 notes that "where there are many counselors, there is safety," while Proverbs 27:17 uses the metaphor of "iron sharpening iron" to describe the positive influence of healthy friendships. Conversely, 1 Corinthians 15:33 warns that "bad company corrupts good character."

The friends an individual chooses play a significant role in influencing life decisions. Surrounding oneself with those who prioritize faith, responsibility, and a commitment to the truth provides essential support in maintaining focus and avoiding negative influences. While secular or negative environments may occasionally seem "normal," a disciplined student must be vigilant in remaining grounded in faith through their social circles.

To cultivate friendships that inspire wise decisions, one must intentionally seek out individuals with shared values and a commitment to spiritual growth. Engaging with church groups, campus ministries, or dedicated study groups is an effective way to find this community. Furthermore, an individual should strive to be a source of encouragement and accountability for others. By actively choosing wise counsel and a supportive peer group, a person is more likely to grow in wisdom and honor God through their daily choices.

Psalm 4:8 states, “In peace, I will both lie down and sleep, for You alone, O Lord, make me to dwell in safety” (NASB). While stress is often categorized as a psychological burden, it frequently manifests as a physical reality. For those navigating significant health recoveries or demanding academic schedules, stress can create a constant state of hyper-vigilance. When every physical movement or mental task feels heavy and filled with doubt, the ability to unwind and recharge becomes a difficult yet essential skill to master.

Achieving a smooth transition from a high-pressure day to a restful night requires intentional, practical boundaries. One effective strategy is the "Daily Wrap-Up," where a person writes down a list of pending tasks or questions for the following day. This practice "offloads" the mental loop of appointments and worries onto paper, allowing the brain to cease its constant problem-solving mode. Additionally, creating a sensory-based evening routine—such as dimming lights, disconnecting from digital screens an hour before bed, or using ergonomic supports to relieve physical tension—signals to the body that it is safe to downshift. Whether one is a professional, a student, or a retiree, practicing controlled breathing or light stretching can lower the heart rate and break the cycle of restlessness.

Beyond physical habits, mental framing is crucial. Instead of focusing on physical limitations or the "what-ifs" of the future, one can choose to acknowledge boundaries while leaning into the belief that they are protected and supported. By utilizing both practical organizational tools and a mindset of trust, the weight of the day begins to lift. Rest may arrive slowly, but by setting these consistent patterns, peace becomes an attainable reality rather than a distant goal.

Matthew 6:33 offers a clear directive for the faithful: “But first seek His kingdom and His righteousness, and all these things shall be added to you” (NASB). Shifting the heart from a state of worry to one of reliance requires a fundamental trust in God’s sovereignty. In Matthew 6:25–34, Jesus reminds believers that the Heavenly Father is already aware of their needs—from basic sustenance to clothing. This teaching emphasizes that God is not a passive observer but an active Provider who works to meet needs according to His divine will. Importantly, relying on this provision does not encourage laziness or the abandonment of one's responsibilities; rather, it provides the faith to know that the results of one's labor are ultimately in the hands of the Great Provider.

Building a deep trust in this provision is often a cumulative process. By reflecting on past instances of faithfulness—especially during moments of self-doubt—a student’s faith is solidified. Through consistent prayer, the practice of gratitude, and a commitment to Scripture, confidence in divine care increases. These spiritual habits serve as reminders that God’s Word is true and that His support is a constant reality.

Ultimately, seeking the kingdom of God involves making spiritual development the highest priority within the academic journey. This is lived out practically through academic honesty, a commitment to biblical teachings, and treating others with Christ-like love. When an individual surrenders their path to God, they can remain confident that His grace and provision will sustain them through every circumstance, ensuring that both their spiritual and practical needs are met.

Ethics is the set of moral standards people use to judge what is right and wrong. Ethical systems provide frameworks for evaluating moral choices and deciding how to act in society. According to Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics, ethical theories such as utilitarianism, deontological ethics, ethical egoism, and virtue ethics help individuals think carefully about moral decisions (Rae, 2018, p. 23). Accordingly, this essay explores four ethical theories to discuss how each views moral judgment. By analyzing the concept of moral objectivity, the following contends that virtue ethics—which focuses on character and behavior—provides the most credible and objective basis for morality.

Utilitarianism is a moral theory that judges actions by their consequences (Eggleston, 2022). The goal of utilitarianism is to produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people in society. Because it focuses on outcomes, Rae (2018, p. 54) described it as a teleological ethical theory. For example, a utilitarian might justify telling a small lie if the lie prevents serious harm or increases happiness for a larger number of people (Rae, 2018, p. 55).

Unlike deontological ethics, which emphasizes rights and duties rather than consequences, ethical egoism emphasizes self-interest as the foundation of morality. Ethical egoism is the theory that people should act in their own best interests. For example, an egoist may decide not to help a stranger if doing so would not benefit them. Morally, people make their own moral judgments depending on what is good for their own interests (Rae, 2018, p. 30). In this school of thought, an individual judges an action as right if it is in their personal interest.

Moral objectivity says that some things are right or wrong no matter what people think. This is important because if morality were simply based on what people think, no action could really be regarded as right or wrong. Choosing between chocolate and vanilla is a question of taste, but moral matters like justice are not. Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics states that moral objectivity provides everyone with a standard to follow (Rae, 2018, p. 23). It would be hard to draw fair, consistent moral conclusions without this norm.

By concentrating on building one's moral character, virtue ethics furnishes a more robust ground for moral objectivity as compared to other ethical systems. For example, utilitarianism, which emphasizes outcomes, promotes actions guided by virtues such as truthfulness and kindness. Besides, it contrasts with ethical egoism, which centers on oneself, by emphasizing others. As stated in Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics, virtues are a kind of compass that not only direct one's moral actions but also do so with consistency regardless of changes in circumstances (Rae, 2018, p. 101). Hence, virtue ethics is a stronger, more trustworthy, and objective means of morality.

References

Eggleston, B. (2022). Utilitarianism. Philosophy. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780195396577-0000

Rae, S. B. (2018). Moral choices: An introduction to ethics (6th ed.). Zondervan.

Matthew 6:33 offers a clear directive for the faithful: “But first seek His kingdom and His righteousness, and all these things shall be added to you” (NASB). Shifting the heart from a state of worry to one of reliance requires a fundamental trust in God’s sovereignty. In Matthew 6:25–34, Jesus reminds believers that the Heavenly Father is already aware of their needs—from basic sustenance to clothing. This teaching emphasizes that God is not a passive observer but an active Provider who works to meet needs according to His divine will. Importantly, relying on this provision does not encourage laziness or the abandonment of one's responsibilities; rather, it provides the faith to know that the results of one's labor are ultimately in the hands of the Great Provider.

Building a deep trust in this provision is often a cumulative process. By reflecting on past instances of faithfulness—especially during moments of self-doubt—a student’s faith is solidified. Through consistent prayer, the practice of gratitude, and a commitment to Scripture, confidence in divine care increases. These spiritual habits serve as reminders that God’s Word is true and that His support is a constant reality.

Ultimately, seeking the kingdom of God involves making spiritual development the highest priority within the academic journey. This is lived out practically through academic honesty, a commitment to biblical teachings, and treating others with Christ-like love. When an individual surrenders their path to God, they can remain confident that His grace and provision will sustain them through every circumstance, ensuring that both their spiritual and practical needs are met.

The first step in this organ transplant situation is to gather the facts. There are two patients who both need an organ transplant to save their lives, but there is only one organ available. One patient is a young adult who used drugs in the past but has been clean for two years. The other person is an elderly adult who has led a responsible life but has fewer years left. Both patients meet the medical requirements, which renders the decision challenging.

The first ethical dilemma in this situation concerns the equitable distribution of a scarce resource. Moral Choices: Ethical difficulties often arise when two major moral ideals conflict (Rae, 2018). Here, the conflict is between fairness, personal responsibility, and maximizing the transplant. Second, we need to examine the different choices. One alternative is to pick the younger patient because they probably have more years to live. Second, another option is to choose an elderly patient, since they have led a responsible life. Third, the option is to make the decision solely on medical factors, such as the likelihood of success, rather than on personal background.

When considering these choices, it is necessary to contemplate moral values such as justice, fairness, and the value of human life. Rae (2018) explains that ethical choices should be based on principles that remain constant, not on personal predispositions. In this case, maximizing the transplant is crucial, as the main goal is to save as many lives as possible.

Given these considerations, I would pick the younger patient. The patient has a history of drug abuse, but they have been clean for two years, which indicates that they are responsible and have changed. Additionally, the younger patient probably has more years to live, so the transplant could have a greater effect in the long run. This choice is all about making the best use of the limited resource.

Personally, the most essential values influencing my decision were fairness, the value of human life, and the power to achieve the greatest benefit. Both patients have similar values. However, the ultimate decision will be determined by how the finite resource may be used to the greatest benefit. This strategy is consistent with Rae's (2018) observation of the prudent and consistent application of moral thought.

References

Rae, S. B. (2018). Moral Choices: An introduction to ethics. Zondervan.

That makes 4 of 15. I’ve logged the text for the "Transplant Dilemma

When does life really start, and who should have the authority to decide its value? These questions are the main focus of the abortion rights debate. Ethical decision-making is more than our own perspective; it is based on logical analysis and consistency. Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics has stated that moral judgments ought to be based on "objective principles" rather than cultural norms or personal likes (Rae, 2018, p. 131). According to philosophical and theological arguments, human life actually begins at conception, and it is of great value. The abortion act is considered a violation of the sanctity of human life, disregards the moral standing of a fetus, and is not in line with good moral reasoning.

First, a key part of ethical decision-making is applying moral principles consistently. For example, one cannot justify valuing human life while also supporting actions that deliberately end it. Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics says that for ethical thought to be taken seriously, it must be consistent (Rae, 2018, p. 131). While dealing with complicated topics like abortion, it is extremely crucial to remain consistent while making moral choices. Therefore, abortion cannot be morally justified. Moreover, philosophical reasoning substantiates the notion that human existence is worthy from its inception. A new human being is born with a distinctive genetic identity at conception, according to one source (Kaake, 2019). The unborn is already human, as evidenced by this. The primary concern is therefore personhood. According to Kaake (2019), the issue is not whether the unborn is human but rather whether it is considered a person. As a result, we should acknowledge the unborn as possessing full moral value.

More importantly, the Bible says that life is sacred and starts at conception. According to one source, "Life is a sacred gift from God" (Hinn, 2023). This view posits that life possesses intrinsic meaning from inception, acknowledging the unborn as a "child" with inherent worth. Moral Choices asserts that God made us, thereby conferring dignity on us (Rae, 2018, p. 132). Abortion contradicts this notion, as it ends a life with inherent worth. New reproductive technologies also raise moral concerns and put moral standards to the test (Rae, 2018, p. 153). People have more control over reproduction thanks to methods like IVF, which makes us question how much society values life. People can come to think of human life as something to control rather than a gift, placing freedom above morality.

Furthermore, this shift in viewing life as a commodity also manifests in the moral issues surrounding organ transplantation. Quite often, there is a clash between so-called 'objective ethics,' which emphasize a patient's social utility or survival, and the religious idea of valuing life inherently (Persad et al., 2023). Whether society looks at life as only a question of 'usefulness' in a transplant unit or a reproduction clinic, it totally ignores the ethical principle that every human life is of equal value. Besides, culture influences many people to the extent that their opinions become less consistent, and culture overrules Scripture (Carter, 2020). This change puts personal liberty above standard morality, thereby weakening the ethical grounds for protecting the weak.

In conclusion, abortion is morally wrong at its core because it goes against the value of human life and falls below the ethical and moral standards. Methods of ethical reasoning, scripture, and philosophical thoughts jointly underline the worth of human life right from conception. Hence, it is only just for society to acknowledge and safeguard human life at every stage.

References

Carter, J. (2020). Why Christians support abortion (and how we can change that). The Gospel Coalition. Retrieved April 20, 2026, from https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/

Kaake, A. (2019). Abortion: a philosophical and biblical perspective. Christian Standard.

Persad, G., Millum, J., & Wertheimer, A. (2023). Principles for allocation of scarce medical interventions. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved April 20, 2026, from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10155689/

Rae, S. B. (2018). Moral Choices: An introduction to ethics. Zondervan.

That is 5 of 15! We’ve covered everything from medical ethics to the beginning of life.

From the reading materials this week, I discovered that ethical decision-making should be done through a clear and well-structured methodology. Simply choosing what you believe is not enough; moral issues require deep contemplation. I have seen that one is strongly advised to collect facts, figure out the ethical problem, and keep the ethical norms constant when making a decision (Rae, 2018, pp. 110-111). Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics states that ethical frameworks such as deontological ethics and natural law can help us make good moral decisions (Rae, 2018, pp. 93-97). This has helped me think more clearly and logically about moral issues, rather than relying on my emotions.

More importantly, the persuasive essay was the hardest assignment we had this semester. I have to use Scripture and good arguments from medical and philosophical ethics to defend my point of view (Kaake, 2019; Persad et al., 2023). It wasn't easy to weigh the pros and cons of my case, especially when one side had more data. The study, however, helped me understand my convictions better and showed me how to back them up with evidence. The Bible taught me what I should value in life, and moral logic helped me stick to it (Rae, 2018, pp. 171, 178).

Furthermore, this week's readings mean being honest, not lying. Showing care helps build trust during conversations. The Next Element (2024) model says validating someone's feelings is part of effective communication. So, it makes others feel seen and valued. Christians should be compassionate and patient. They also need to defend their beliefs clearly. When talking about moral issues, clarity matters. Others may face real hardships. Kindness doesn't require deception. Honesty is required instead.

Personally, this course has greatly enhanced my confidence in dealing with sensitive ethical dilemmas. I was really reluctant to express my opinions before; however, I believe I have acquired sufficient knowledge to present my arguments effectively and defend them. I've come to realize that defending the sanctity of human life is not just a matter of bravery, but also of empathy, especially when we live in a society that tends to regard truth as a matter of personal taste (Rae, 2018, p. 178). On top of that, I have got a lot out of this experience in terms of my intellectual and personal development, and I can definitely see myself using these skills in my day-to-day life.

References

Kaake, A. (2019). Abortion: A philosophical and biblical perspective. Christian Standard. Retrieved April 20, 2026, from https://christianstandard.com/2019/01/abortion-a-philosophical-and-biblical-perspective/

Next Element. (2024, October 30). How to show you care. Retrieved April 20, 2026, from https://www.next-element.com/resources/blog/how-to-show-you-care/

Persad, G., Millum, J., & Wertheimer, A. (2023). Principles for allocation of scarce medical interventions. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved April 20, 2026, from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10155689/

Rae, S. B. (2018). Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics (4th ed). Zondervan.

Written Discussion: Justice or Judgment? Is Capital Punishment Biblically Ethical

In the Bible, capital punishment creates a significant moral conflict between justice and mercy. The Old Testament makes it obvious that justice is important. For example, Genesis 9:6 reinforces the idea that taking a life means giving up your own. The Bible says, "Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed" (Genesis 9:6, New American Standard Bible, 1995). This biblical mandate sets up a system in which the punishment fits the crime. But in the New Testament, Jesus tells us to love, forgive, and show compassion to all, even our enemies. Because of this focus on mercy, Christians have a challenging time deciding if the death penalty is still right today.

However, after reading An Introduction to Ethics, I'm convinced Rae (2018, p. 264) lays out solid reasons both for and against capital punishment. Some support it because retribution—where the offender pays back what they did—feels like justice. The idea that the offender should be paid back for the crime committed" (Rae, 2018, p. 269). Others reject it because human dignity matters and courts can make mistakes. It appears challenging to overlook the complexity of the death penalty, which cannot be categorically classified as right or wrong. The chapter argues that it's a messy moral question, not a clear-cut decision.

Personally, I view justice and kindness as distinct concepts. In fact, justice and mercy should complement each other. Justice is the one that makes us accountable, that our actions have consequences, while mercy is the one that pushes us to show kindness to others. Jesus was not lacking justice; however, He also stressed the immense importance of grace and forgiveness. The idea that God made human beings in His image also aligns with my opinion. Because He created us in His all-making, in His image, everyone has intrinsic value and is important. This perspective makes the death sentence a significant issue, particularly given the possibility of errors within the system.    

Therefore, I think that contemporary Christians should be careful about how strongly they support the death penalty. Reform is the best way to go. Justice is still important, but Christians must balance it with compassion, fairness, and respect for life. This reading made it clear that you need to be wise and humble to make moral choices.  

One primary argument in support of IVF is that it serves as a redemptive tool to overcome the brokenness of infertility. Proponents argue that God has gifted humanity with the scientific intelligence to develop technologies that heal biological malfunctions. By utilizing IVF, a couple is fulfilling the biblical mandate to build a family. A second argument is the principle of stewardship. If a couple uses their own genetic material (husband and wife) and treats every embryo with dignity, IVF is seen as a legitimate use of human dominion over creation to bring about a "great good"—the birth of a child. Scott Rae notes that for many, IVF is a way to "cooperate with God in the creation of new life" (Rae, 2018, p. 192).

Conversely, the status of the human embryo is a big reason why people are against IVF. Standard IVF often utilizes "superovulation," resulting in the creation of more embryos than intended for implantation. This results in the freezing, disposal, or annihilation of "excess" life. Rae says that if life starts at conception, then killing these embryos is the same as killing a person (Rae, 2018). Another argument concerns the sacredness of the reproductive process. Some people say that shifting conception to a lab "dehumanizes" the start of life. People often worry about "playing God" or treating children as mere objects. Exodus 20:13 ("You shall not murder") is frequently cited by those who believe the IVF process inherently risks or ends embryonic life.

After reviewing these points, the main conflict is between God's call to start a family and the need to protect human life from conception. The pro-IVF side is strong because it cares for those who cannot conceive and follows biblical ideals about building a family. However, its weakness is that it often prioritizes the desire for a child over the protection of the embryos created in the process. Conversely, the strength of the objections lies in the consistent protection of the "Image of God" (New International Version, 2011) from the moment of conception. The weakness is that it may seem to limit God's use of medical technology to heal those suffering from the profound challenge of fertility.

Therefore, a thoughtful Christian response suggests that IVF is morally acceptable only under strict conditions. To respect the sanctity of life, a couple should fertilize only the number of eggs they are willing to carry to term, hence avoiding the creation of excess embryos. This strategy finds a middle ground between the excellent capabilities technology can achieve and the need to keep people safe when they are most vulnerable, in the early stages. By viewing IVF as a medical treatment rather than a manufacturing process, Christians can honor both the gift of science and the sovereignty of God.

References

Holy Bible, New International Version. (2011). Zondervan. Retrieved April 20, 2026, from https://biblia.com/books/niv2011/

OpenAI. (2026, March 22). Response to inquiry on the morality of IVF for Christians. Retrieved April 20, 2026, from https://openai.com

Rae, S. B. (2018). Moral choices: An introduction to ethics (4th ed.). Zondervan.

Yahoo. (2026, March 22). Response to inquiry on the morality of IVF for Christians. Retrieved April 20, 2026, from https://www.yahoo.com

In the discussion of war and conflict, I believe that pacifism is the best option for believers. As Christians, our primary guide is the Bible, and the teachings of Jesus Christ provide a clear roadmap for how we should handle enemies. Jesus instructed His followers to "love your enemies" and to "turn the other cheek" when struck. If we claim to be a Christian nation, our actions and policies should conform to these specific teachings of Christ rather than the standard practices of the world.

War rarely solves the underlying problems it claims to address. Instead, it leads to severe economic downturns and the violation of human rights for everyone involved. Most tragically, war results in the loss of innocent lives. What bothers me most is the children who are killed or wounded in these conflicts; they have done nothing to deserve such suffering. Unless there is a direct and unavoidable reason to defend life, violence should be avoided at all costs, especially when it affects people who have nothing to do with the original dispute.

According to Moral Choices, there are various steps and criteria to consider before an action in conflict is deemed reasonable (Rae, 2018, p. 194). However, when we look at the consequences—the broken lives and the destroyed cities—it is clear that a peaceful resolution is always the better path. Pacifism is not about being passive; it is about having the wisdom and the courage to follow the way of Jesus. By choosing peace, we protect the most vulnerable and uphold the sanctity of human life as a gift from God.

Scott Rae discusses three key approaches to environmental ethics in his book Moral Choices. The anthropocentric view says that nature has value because it is useful to people; the biocentric view says that all living things have equal value; and the theocentric view says that God owns the earth and that people are His stewards (Rae, 2018, pp. 415–416).

Given that, the theocentric framework is the best way to understand the Bible because it acknowledges that God is in control of the whole world (Psalm 24:1). This idea goes beyond human-centered exploitation and brings out the fact that we have a duty to our Creator as stewards of His resources. Randy Alcorn supports this viewpoint, arguing that our initial "job description" in Genesis was to govern as God's image-bearers for His glory (Alcorn, 2009).

While human beings, as Imago Dei suggests, have a special place in creation, it does not provide them the right to destroy the environment (Rae, 2018, p. 422). We should appreciate creation as God's work without falling into nature worship. Alcorn argues that caring for the environment is a "pro-life" issue because it safeguards the conditions God created for human life to thrive (Alcorn, 2009).

Therefore, to "subdue the earth" (Genesis 1:28) indicates using the world's resources for the benefit of people, not to conquer them (Rae, 2018, p. 418). As part of becoming a disciple, Christians should take on real obligations, including cutting down on waste and pushing for ethical resource management in the workplace. If we protect local water sources from industrial pollution, we are showing love to the vulnerable families who rely on those resources the most; in fact, our environmental choices become our way of loving our neighbors.

References

Alcorn, R. (2009, March 17). Caring for the environment: Should evangelical Christians be concerned? Eternal Perspective Ministries. Retrieved April 20, 2026, from https://www.epm.org/resources/2009/Mar/17/caring-for-the-environment-should-evangelical-chri/

Rae, S. B. (2018). Moral choices: An introduction to ethics (4th ed.). Zondervan Academic.

When we look at the beauty of the world, we have to ask a fundamental question: Are we the owners of this land, or simply the gardeners? Scott Rae outlines three major ethical frameworks to help us navigate this relationship. The anthropocentric model sees nature as a resource for human use (Rae, 2018, p. 349). The biocentric model holds that all living things have equal moral value and deserve protection. Lastly, the theocentric perspective, which is the model biblically most accurate, proposes that the earth is a creation of God and is intended for man to use it wisely (Rae, 2018, p. 349).

While defending the territorial integrity of a country is not acting against sin, it is simply carrying out a divine ordination. From this perspective, a country could be likened to a "household" entrusted with certain duties; 1 Timothy 5:8 (New International Version, 2011) highlights that it is the obligation of a person to provide for his family. Although managing and enforcing these borders remains the prerogative of the state, from a Christian standpoint, the state's power to decide and maintain such boundaries should be limited so that it does not allow the state to sin against the highest law of God.

Therefore, the main purpose of moral immigration policy is not only to distinguish between following the law and totally depriving a person of their inherent dignity, which is the essence of legal compassion. Rae (2018, p. 483) argues that "the law of the land is not the highest law," and a state ought to weigh legal responsibility and love as expressed in Scripture simultaneously. This balance can enable us both to obey the law and at the same time to carry out the command of hospitality (Matthew 25:35). It is not a question of "either/or" but of trying to strike a balance between justice and mercy. Morally, the only reason for restrictions would be the existence of a real threat, not just fear or prejudice.

In conclusion, simplifying "temporary worker" and "refugee" programs is a way to show security and compassion at the same time. When the government makes the legal path easier, it is not only complying with the law but also living out the Christian value of radical hospitality. Such a change will keep borders safe while reflecting the kindness of the Gospel. Protecting one's borders is not necessarily a sin, but a country must be careful not to sin in the way it treats those who come to its gates.

References

Rae, S. B. (2018). Moral choices: An introduction to ethics (4th ed.). Zondervan.

The Holy Bible, New International Version. (2011). Zondervan. (Original work published 1978).

This study investigated how personal backgrounds—particularly race and socioeconomic status—influence moral reasoning related to social justice and diversity. By interviewing five participants from diverse backgrounds, including an immigration lawyer and a self-employed artist, several strongly defined patterns surfaced. Notably, all participants agreed that "racial privilege" and systemic racism remain significant problems in the United States today.

A significant point of tension arose regarding the intersection of economics and race. Participants who identified as economically disadvantaged emphasized how systemic barriers shape not only personal lives but also professional opportunities. In contrast, middle-class participants, while recognizing racism as a problem, tended to argue that economic stability and individual qualities were the primary factors for promoting community peace. This reflects the complicated battle between individual merit and systemic reality.

The findings demonstrate that a person's history directly shapes their moral perspective on social justice. For example, participant Carlaus Addo provided a structural analysis that aligns with Scott Rae’s definition of justice, noting that while affirmative action may help, it can also lead to dependency if not carefully managed. This aligns with Rae’s moral caution that social programs should be judged by whether they help people flourish and maintain human dignity in the long run (Rae, 2018, p. 473).

Interestingly, there was a broad consensus on "school choice." Most participants supported vouchers or charter schools, provided they were designed to avoid further prejudice against oppressed communities. This aligns with the principle that justice requires us to recognize everyone as created in God's image (Rae, 2018, p. 471), though establishing "distributive justice" in a complex society remains a difficult task.

In conclusion, policy alone cannot bring about racial peace. While governments are obliged to maintain order and enforce justice, the law cannot fix every moral problem. To promote racial harmony, we must move beyond government control and focus on public education—specifically at the grade-school level—to teach the next generation to grasp a broader perspective on community and equality.

The debate over gun control is often framed as a conflict between individual liberty and public safety. From a Christian perspective, this issue requires a careful balance of the right to self-defense and the biblical mandate to protect the vulnerable. While the Second Amendment provides a legal framework for gun ownership in the United States, Christian ethics call for a deeper look at the responsibility that comes with such a right.

One side of the debate emphasizes the right to self-defense, viewing it as an extension of the duty to protect one's household (1 Timothy 5:8). In this view, responsible gun ownership is a means of deterring violence and ensuring personal security. However, as Scott Rae notes in Moral Choices, rights are rarely absolute; they are often balanced against the "common good" and the preservation of human life (Rae, 2018). The staggering rate of gun violence and the loss of innocent lives suggest that a purely individualistic approach to gun rights may fail to address the systemic nature of violence.

Christians can help break the cycle of violence by advocating for policies that reflect both justice and mercy. This includes supporting "common sense" measures such as expanded background checks, red-flag laws, and restrictions on high-capacity weapons—policies that do not strip law-abiding citizens of their rights but do seek to keep weapons out of the hands of those who intend to cause harm. By prioritizing the sanctity of life over the unfettered access to firearms, believers can model a society that values the safety of its neighbors.

In conclusion, breaking the cycle of violence requires more than just legislation; it requires a heart change and a commitment to peace. Christians are called to be peacemakers (Matthew 5:9), which involves seeking ways to reduce conflict and protect the "image of God" in every person. Whether through supporting mental health initiatives or advocating for safer communities, the goal of a Christian response to gun violence should be to foster an environment where life can flourish without the constant threat of fear.

Biblically, murder and self-defense are two distinct concepts. One illustration is Exodus 22:2, which states that a person who kills a burglar at night when the burglar is not identifiable is not liable for a charge. In a moral sense, the possession of firearms is often viewed as a fundamental right to safeguard one's life, family, and belongings against danger (Rae, 2018, p. 409).

However, if a gun owner is at heart a protector who aims to defend others and not to harm, their ownership could still be in line with Christian discipleship. On the one hand, the New Testament urges us to be peacemakers. Still, on the other hand, it doesn't prohibit the act of defending one's life when it is endangered (Rae, 2018, p. 409). Consequently, Christians should not place their trust in weapons for their safety but in God alone, as the Psalmist reminds us in Psalm 44:6.

Proportionality is what separates defense from escalation. The "eye for an eye" precept (Exodus 21:23) tends to curb violence by ensuring that the response does not go too far. Using a gun to lash back at someone or retaliate is going too far and goes against what the Bible says about being calm (Rae, 2018, p. 409). Therefore, the government has a duty to keep the people safe. We do not outlaw vehicles because of accidents; instead, we make them safe and demand permits. Background checks and waiting periods are both morally sound since they make sure that those who are dangerous or unstable cannot easily get their hands on deadly weapons (Rae, 2018, p. 422).

Churches should do more than just obey the law to stop violence. They should also help people deal with their problems by offering conflict-resolution training, mental health assistance, and mentoring for young people at risk.

References

New American Standard Bible. (1995). The Lockman Foundation.

Rae, S. B. (2018). Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics (4th ed.). Zondervan Academic. Retrieved April 20, 2026, from https://www.zondervan.com/p/moral-choices/

Biblically, murder and self-defense are two distinct concepts. One illustration is Exodus 22:2, which states that a person who kills a burglar at night when the burglar is not identifiable is not liable for a charge. In a moral sense, the possession of firearms is often viewed as a fundamental right to safeguard one's life, family, and belongings against danger (Rae, 2018, p. 409).

However, if a gun owner is at heart a protector who aims to defend others and not to harm, their ownership could still be in line with Christian discipleship. On the one hand, the New Testament urges us to be peacemakers. Still, on the other hand, it doesn't prohibit the act of defending one's life when it is endangered (Rae, 2018, p. 409). Consequently, Christians should not place their trust in weapons for their safety but in God alone, as the Psalmist reminds us in Psalm 44:6.

Proportionality is what separates defense from escalation. The "eye for an eye" precept (Exodus 21:23) tends to curb violence by ensuring that the response does not go too far. Using a gun to lash back at someone or retaliate is going too far and goes against what the Bible says about being calm (Rae, 2018, p. 409). Therefore, the government has a duty to keep the people safe. We do not outlaw vehicles because of accidents; instead, we make them safe and demand permits. Background checks and waiting periods are both morally sound since they make sure that those who are dangerous or unstable cannot easily get their hands on deadly weapons (Rae, 2018, p. 422).

Churches should do more than just obey the law to stop violence. They should also help people deal with their problems by offering conflict-resolution training, mental health assistance, and mentoring for young people at risk.

References

New American Standard Bible. (1995). The Lockman Foundation.

Rae, S. B. (2018). Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics (4th ed.). Zondervan Academic. Retrieved April 20, 2026, from https://www.zondervan.com/p/moral-choices/